Chapter 1: The French Revolution
French Society in the 18th Century
In 1789, France was ruled by King Louis XVI. French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility enjoying privileges while the Third Estate bore the tax burden.
France faced a severe financial crisis due to wars, extravagant spending by the royal court, and helping American colonies gain independence. The treasury was empty, forcing Louis XVI to increase taxes.
The Three Estates
- First Estate: Clergy (owned 10% of land, paid no taxes)
- Second Estate: Nobility (owned 25% of land, paid no taxes)
- Third Estate: Common people (90% of population, paid all taxes)
The Outbreak of Revolution
Louis XVI called the Estates-General to pass new taxes. The Third Estate demanded equal voting rights.
Storming of the Bastille - a fortress-prison symbolizing royal authority. This marked the beginning of the Revolution.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Abolition of Monarchy
In 1792, France became a republic. Louis XVI was executed in 1793. The revolutionary government introduced radical reforms including the metric system and a new calendar.
Key Outcomes
- End of absolute monarchy in France
- Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
- Spread of ideas of liberty and equality across Europe
- Inspiration for future democratic movements worldwide